Helping wollastonite intelligent sorting, extending the development of the enterprise industry chain!   Wollastonite as a new industrial mineral raw materials, mainly produced in the acidic and contact metamorphic zone, for the composition of the main mineral components, wollastonite in China's distribution, from the north to Heilongjiang, south to Hainan Province, and Xinjiang have deposits distribution. 19 provinces, autonomous regions found wollastonite ore production 86 (of which 8 super-large, large 13, medium-sized 24, small 32, 9 ore points). Among the 77 deposits, 244 million tonnes of wollastonite ore were identified, and 227 million tonnes of wollastonite ore were retained, with Huojiadian in Lishu County, Jilin Province having the largest retained reserves, accounting for 40% of the country's total retained ore reserves; the remaining four provinces, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Qinghai and Liaoning, accounted for 49% of the country's retained ore reserves; five provinces, Zhejiang, Hunan, Anhui, Inner Mongolia and Guangdong, accounted for The remaining four provinces are Yunnan, Jiangxi, Qinghai and Liaoning, accounting for 49% of the country's reserves; Zhejiang, Hunan, Anhui, Inner Mongolia and Guangdong, accounting for 10% of the country's reserves; Jiangsu, Guangxi, Hubei and Heilongjiang, accounting for 1% of the country's reserves.     China's wollastonite resource reserves   The consumption structure of wollastonite in China: glazed bricks and ceramic blanks mainly, accounting for about 50%; metallurgical protection slag and welding treaties account for 20%; paints and coatings account for about 10%; plastics, rubber and paper fillers account for about 10%; construction materials, asbestos replacement and other applications account for about 10%.     For a long time China's wollastonite resources mining and sorting processing has been in the rough development, wollastonite mineral processing level and scale compared with Western countries is still relatively backward. Performance in the application area is narrower, the product grade is lower. In recent years, with the regulation of national industrial policies and market mechanisms, the development of mining enterprises has gradually entered the track of standardised and healthy development, and the production scale, product categories and economic benefits of wollastonite enterprises have been substantially improved. In particular, there has been great progress and development in mining and beneficiation technology.   With the development of time, wollastonite mine resources are constantly facing depletion, easy to mine stone reduction, lower ore grade, increased sorting costs and other issues, as well as national restrictions on the approval of new tailing ponds, has been the existing tailing pond capacity reduced, resulting in a significant increase in tailing disposal costs, while external environmental protection also brings huge pressure on mining enterprises. How to reduce costs, improve the economic efficiency of the mine, but also in line with green environmental protection, the introduction of new equipment, new technology is a good choice.   Recently a large domestic wollastonite enterprise has improved its sorting process by quoting Mingde artificial intelligence sorting equipment. The raw wollastonite ore enters the sorting equipment after crushing and dissociation, and according to pre-learning and modelling, the concentrate and tailings are accurately identified, enriching the low burn loss wollastonite concentrate. The overall sorting effect, concentrate yield and stable sorting of the equipment all meet the customer's psychological expectations.   Guangxi a wollastonite enterprise original sorting process mainly to large particle size manual hand-selected mainly, the follow-up by understanding the use of Mingde artificial intelligence ore sorting machine, after investigation to understand through the Mingde artificial intelligence sorting machine, can fully sort out the wollastonite original ore mixed with black stone, calcite and a small amount of quartzite, through sorting to achieve the purpose of electing wollastonite.     Tailings                                                     Finished product   Mingde artificial intelligence sorting equipment, no use of pharmaceuticals, no grinding, equipment operation mainly electric drive, through the compressed air for blowing sorting, sorting cost is low, basic pollution-free, equipment intelligence degree is high, simple operation, advanced technology, fully able to meet the enterprise sorting requirements. Standing in the new era, green mines, intelligent ore sorting has belonged to the development of new trends, new directions, through the introduction of new technologies to speed up the construction process of intelligent, automated mining enterprises, can greatly enhance the use of ore resources and economic benefits of enterprises.

Potential Economic Value Exceeds Trillion Yuan, Large-Scale Deposits Announced! Top 10 Major Results of 2022 Geological Search Announced   The mining industry was also deeply affected by the epidemic emanating from many places, the real estate slump and the difficult economic downturn in 2022. In a letter of reply from General Secretary Xi Jinping to all geologists of the Sixth Geological Brigade of Shandong Province Geological and Mining Bureau, which rekindled the enthusiasm of mining industry people across the country to find mines, what kind of answer sheet will be delivered to the people of the country with the efforts of many geologists? Recently, the official website of the Chinese Geological Society announced the selection results of the major achievements in geological prospecting for 2022.   I. High-grade and high-quality large-scale iron ore deposits found in Baijian area, Shahe City, Hebei Province The Ninth Geological Brigade of the Hebei Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau has discovered a high-grade large-scale iron ore deposit in Baijian, Shahe City, which is the largest smectite iron ore deposit ever discovered in Hebei Province and one of the few high-grade unexplored iron ore deposits in China. The Ninth Geological Brigade's technicians have continuously innovated the theory and method of finding iron ore in the Hand Xing style, and have refined and summarised the "five-in-one" method of finding iron ore, which has effectively guided the search for iron ore in the depths and periphery of the Hand Xing style. The project submitted 104,427,000 tonnes of proven + controlled + inferred iron ore resources with an average grade of 48.02% total iron (TFe), 44.15% magnetic iron (mFe) and 4412.8 tonnes of magnetite associated cobalt, with a potential economic value of over RMB 100 billion. The iron ore can be used as raw material for refined steel and high-quality steel. The economic and social benefits arising from its development and utilization are of great significance to the local economic development and the security of national energy resources.   II. Significant breakthrough in the search for heavy rare earth ore in Shi Ping, Anyuan County, Jiangxi Province   The team, led by Wang Xianguang from the Jiangxi Mineral Resources Security Service Centre, has detected a super-large weathered crust ionic heavy rare earth deposit after five years of comprehensive exploration in the area where the South Ridge and Wuyi Mountain tungsten-tin rare earth polymetallic mineralisation zones meet in southern Jiangxi. A total of seven heavy rare earth sections were circled in the mine area, of which XX.XX million tons of inferred full-phase heavy rare earth resources with an average grade of 0.088% and XX.XX million tons of leached-phase heavy rare earth resources with a grade of 0.060% were detected in the root-back section in 2022; a "five elements in one" model for ionic rare earths and a "geological survey + weathering crust" model were constructed. The "geological survey + weathering crust trapping + Gannan drilling + shallow drilling + rapid field analysis + experimental testing" is a green, efficient and economical exploration method for ionic rare earths, which is of universal significance to the exploration and evaluation of ionic heavy rare earth deposits. The results of the survey have been applied to other sections such as Xinfeng in the Shishiping mining area and Xunwu County and Gan County in the Nanling area, and a number of large scale heavy rare earths have been found in Xiahu and other areas with significant results.    3,A major breakthrough in silver polymetallic exploration in Erdaokan Village, Nengjiang City, Heilongjiang Province   The Heilongjiang Natural Resources Survey Institute and the Heilongjiang Geophysical and Geochemical Survey Institute have made a major breakthrough in the exploration for silver polymetallic ores in Erdokan Village, Nengjiang City, submitting a total of 1,777 tonnes of silver metal with an average grade of 431.10 g/t. The size of the silver ore is large and the manganese ore is medium. The silver polymetallic ore body is hosted in marine sedimentary rocks of the Upper Silurian-Middle Devonian Neihuohe Formation, closely syngenetic with gabbroic veins, with moderately acidic sub-volcanic rocks, and the ore is a tectonic breccia cemented by quartz veins. This deposit is the first large independent silver deposit in Heilongjiang Province, filling the gap of independent silver ore in Heilongjiang Province, and is the largest deposit in the national silver ore search during the 13th Five-Year Plan. Through the ore processing and metallurgy technology performance and economic overview study, it is believed that after the mine is put into operation, the average annual profit is about 340 million yuan, which can serve nearly 12 years, and the average annual income tax paid is about 84 million yuan, which will greatly improve the local financial revenue and effectively drive the regional GDP.   4. Innovation in ore search technology and major breakthrough in ore search for the super-large gold deposit in Dayingzhuang, Jiaodong   The Sixth Geological Brigade of Shandong Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau and Zhaoguang Mining Co., Ltd. jointly detected the largest gold resource of over 100 tons in the middle section of the Zhaoping Fracture Zone. The project clarified the output pattern of the ore body and solved the problem of what location is conducive to ore formation; proposed a new method for finding ore by segmentation and enrichment, solving the problem of where to find ore; proposed a quantitative prediction method for the trend extrapolation + body ore content, solving the problem of how much resources are available at depth. It has achieved a major breakthrough in ore search, extended the service life of the mine, helped the Zhaoping metallogenic belt to become a 1,000-ton gold belt, enriched and improved the gold metallogenic theory in the Jiaodong region, and played a positive role in promoting the gold metallogenic law and ore formation prediction in the region, which will play a leading role in the new round of strategic action of ore search and breakthrough, and drive the region to make new breakthroughs in ore search, and provide a new base for building a "10,000-ton" gold industry. The project will play a leading and exemplary role in the new round of strategic action to find and breakthrough in ore, drive new breakthroughs in regional ore search, provide favorable support for building a 10,000-ton gold industry base in Shandong, China, and make significant contributions to the security of national energy resources.   5. Large fluorspar mine discovered in Cilimiao mine, Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region   Inner Mongolia Geological Exploration Co., Ltd. has identified a large fluorspar deposit in the Cilimiao mining area of Siziwang Banner, with a total identified fluorspar ore volume of 8,493,000 tonnes and mineral volume of 4,681,000 tonnes, with an average grade of 55.12% CaF2. Manganese ore volume was 102,800 tonnes with an average grade of 21.95% Mn. The fluorite ore body is produced in the crystalline tuff of the Dashi Zhai Formation II section of the Middle Permian and is strictly controlled by carbonate rock stratigraphy and interstratigraphic structure, and is a stratigraphically controlled (modified) type of stratiform fluorite deposit in carbonate rocks. The discovery of this deposit has, to a certain extent, changed the status quo of the small proportion and scale of stratified fluorite ore in China, making a positive contribution to the security of national strategic mineral resources, driving local economic development, showing a good prospect for fluorite prospecting in the area, and playing a role as a model and guide for exploration.   6,Ultra-large graphite ore was found in the area of Tullahai River in Golmud, Qinghai   The first super-large scale crystalline graphite deposit in Qinghai was detected by the Qinghai Geological Survey in the area of Tullahai River in Golmud City, with an inferred graphite mineral resource of 16,564,900 tonnes, with an average grade of 4.86% fixed carbon and 91.14% +100 mesh large scale graphite, achieving a major breakthrough in graphite prospecting in the shallow coverage area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The deposit is hosted in the gneiss and dacite of the Jinshukou Group in the Lower Palaeogene, and is a layer-controlled regional metamorphic graphite deposit. The ore is of excellent selectivity, with a recovery rate of 96% or more and a fixed carbon grade of 95.26% or more in concentrate, which meets the quality standard of high carbon graphite and has high economic value.   7. Largest hidden monolithic phosphorus-rich deposit in Asia discovered in Zhenxiong, Yunnan   The Yunnan Geological Survey Institute (YGSI) has made a major breakthrough in the search for deep-seated phosphate ores by discovering the largest occulted monolithic phosphorus-rich deposit in Asia, the Yangchang Super Large Phosphate Deposit, in the Zhenxiong area. The Yangchang phosphate deposit is a shallow marine sedimentary phosphate massive deposit in the Lower Cambrian, characterised by "large reserves, high quality ore and concentrated resource distribution". The inferred resource of phosphate ore is 1,197 million tonnes, with 51.87% of Grade I+II, and the potential resource of phosphate ore at depth and periphery is predicted to be over 10 billion tonnes, with a potential economic value of over RMB 1 trillion. The discovery and evaluation of the deposit provides a solid resource base for Yunnan Province to build a 100-billion-dollar nationally important phosphorus chemical industry base, and provides a resource guarantee for national energy resource security and food security.   8,Over 600 million tonnes of oil discovered in the Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Depression of the Junggar Basin   For the first time, PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Branch made a major discovery in the ancient alkali lake hydrocarbon source formation of the Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Depression of the Junggar Basin, adding 656 million tonnes of tertiary petroleum geological reserves and opening up a new field of basin-scale exploration. The results have established an innovative lower limit sequence for the pore throat structure of all types of reservoirs in the Fengcheng Formation, revealing the full-scale reservoir formation mechanism of conventional and unconventional oil reservoirs; and established a "source-storage coupling" based on the orderly formation of conventional oil - tight oil - shale oil. The results have established a "source-storage coupling" based on the formation model of conventional oil - tight oil - shale oil in an orderly manner, and implemented a 2500km2 exploration favorable zone; integrated and innovated a comprehensive exploration technology for all types of reservoirs, and increased the success rate of oil test layers in the Fengcheng Formation from 35% to 91%; guided the new discovery of extra-large unconventional oil reservoirs within 600 million tonne class sources. The results achieved the first successful exploration of a full oil and gas system in the world, enriching and developing the geological theory of oil and gas system, which is of great significance to safeguard national energy security, promote the implementation of the "Belt and Road" strategy and social stability in the Xinjiang region.       9, The first deep shale gas field in a complex tectonic zone on the basin margin of China discovered in the Qijiang area The deep shale gas exploration innovation team of China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Exploration Branch has discovered the first deep shale gas field in the complex tectonic zone of China's basin margin, the Qijiang shale gas field, and submitted the first phase of proven geological reserves of 145,968 million cubic metres of shale gas in the Dingshan District block, marking the birth of another large, fully assembled shale gas field of over 100 billion cubic metres in China. The project has discovered the development mechanism of "highly porous" high-quality reservoirs for deep shale gas, formed a new understanding of "overpressure and gas-rich", effectively broke through the "sweet spot" prediction technology and engineering It has achieved a major breakthrough in deep shale gas exploration, and the implementation of a trillion cubic meter gas-rich zone in the complex tectonic zone on the southeast Sichuan basin margin, laying the theoretical and technical foundation for the expansion of shale gas to ultra-deep depths greater than 4,500m. The discovery of the Qijiang shale gas field is of great significance to the national green and low-carbon development strategy, the achievement of "carbon peak" and "carbon neutral" emission reduction targets, and the protection of national energy security.   10. A major breakthrough in coal resource search in the Jiazhai-Tangjie coal mine area in Baofeng County, Henan Province     The Henan Provincial Land and Space Survey and Planning Institute has made a major breakthrough in coal prospecting in Jazhai-Tangjie coal mine in Baofeng County, identifying a total of 143,335,000 tonnes of coal resources, including 292,638,000 tonnes of proven resources, 627,087,000 tonnes of controlled resources and 513,627,000 tonnes of inferred resources. The project has identified in detail the stratigraphic sequence, lithology and physical characteristics of the strata in the survey area, and the coal-bearing strata are the Permian Shanxi Group and the Lower Shi Box Group, with 7 recoverable coal seams, mainly 1/3 coking coal, coking coal and fertilizer coal, and the coal quality is characterized by low ash, low sulphur and high calorific coal, with excellent coal quality, which is a good coking and power coal. The technical conditions of mining such as hydrogeology, engineering geology and environmental geology have been identified in detail. The project exploration results provide a reliable geological basis for the later exploration to mining, which is of great significance to the sustainable and stable development of the mining enterprise and provides a strong guarantee for the succession of resources for the construction of Henan coal energy base.   Source: Geological Society of China

Introduction to the three beneficiation processes of re-election, flotation and magnetic separation   China's vast territory, rich and productive, has been proven mineral resources of many kinds, the total amount of more, but the actual development was found that a variety of mineral resources rich ore less, more poor ore, less single ore, more associated ore, in order to make full use of these mineral resources, the country vigorously develop the beneficiation process.   Today, re-election, flotation, magnetic separation process to carry the majority of mineral beneficiation, let us take a look at them!   A, Gravity  separation process 1、Preparation of raw materials The raw materials for re-election should go through the process of crushing, screening and grinding in order to meet the feed size of the re-election equipment.   2、Water washing and desliming The re-elected material should be washed with water to remove the excess silt and stone powder on the ore, so as not to mix into the re-elected concentrate and affect the grade of the ore.   3、Gravity separation classification The Gravity separation method commonly used Gravity separation equipment jigger, shaking table, chute, etc., the use of different specific gravity of the particles in the medium (usually water, air, heavy liquid or suspension) in the different settling speed, will be useful minerals and associated with the separation of mineral particles.   Second, flotation beneficiation process 1、Preparation of raw materials Firstly, the raw material should be crushed and ground to a fineness of 0.2mm or less, and then added to the flotation chemicals and stirred well in a mixing drum.   Grinding can make the useful mineral particles embedded in the ore and associated vein as far as possible to separate; flotation agent is to strengthen the difference of floatability between useful minerals and associated vein; stirring is to let the agent and the mineral particles fully function.   2、Flotation The slurry is charged into the flotation machine, which relies on mechanical agitation or air charging to produce a large number of bubbles in the slurry.   After the role of flotation chemicals, the hydrophobicity of useful mineral particles more obvious, easier to attach to the bubbles, while other minerals with hydrophilic stay in the pulp, completing an important step in the separation of minerals.   The mineral particles attached to the bubbles float to the surface of the pulp with the bubbles, and then are scraped out by the rotating scraper, which is the concentrate we want, and the product left in the pulp is the "tailings".   Three, magnetic separation beneficiation process 1、Preparation of raw materials The raw material preparation stage of the magnetic separation process also requires the process of crushing and grinding, first grinding the ore into fine particles.   2、Grading Use classifier to classify the ore particles, which can remove most of the useless ore particles in advance and reduce the working pressure of magnetic separation equipment.   3、Magnetic separation Using the characteristics of different ores with or without magnetism, the magnetic separator can draw out the useful ore particles with magnetism from the non-magnetic associated vein, to achieve the purpose of separating the two.   In actual production, these three beneficiation processes can not only be independent beneficiation, encounter with a variety of types of associated ore, but also can be used jointly, the various types of concentrates in the ore one by one, to understand their process flow, to facilitate our processing of hundreds of ore separation.    

Intelligent sorting of tailings, get rid of "useless", Meide Optoelectronics realize the value of tailings regeneration!   In order to implement the "14th Five-Year Plan" and respond to the 20th National Congress report, it is pointed out that the green transformation of the development mode, establish and practice the concept of green water and green mountain is the silver mountain. In order to respond to national policies and development needs, mining enterprises to enhance the use of mineral resources and economic benefits, reduce environmental damage and impact, and ultimately achieve the green mine, intelligent mine construction, and ultimately become the direction of future development of mineral resource-based enterprises.     Among them, as mining resources mining, beneficiation process of industrial solid waste tailings, is a mining enterprises the most headache a difficult point. How to turn waste into treasure? Get rid of industrial solid waste "useless" title, to achieve the recovery of sorting and reuse, sorting is particularly important.     For the tailings generated by different beneficiation methods, the use of targeted ways to deal with, can effectively improve the utilization of ore resources, such as magnetic separation, re-election of the particles after the tailings, such as metal ore can be pre-enriched by way of sorting higher than the economic grade; for non-metallic ore for the composition of the minerals, through the way of sorting, according to the type of ore sorting, and finally achieve the purpose of use. In this regard, sorting has become an essential part of the process.       Today, we will mainly talk about a representative kind of tailings - tungsten tailings. Due to the low grade of tungsten ore, mostly around 0.1%~0.7%, a large amount of tailings are generated during the beneficiation process, accounting for up to 90% of the original ore, most of which are not effectively utilized and are mainly stored in tailing ponds or mine backfills, which not only waste resources, but also occupy land, pollute the environment and endanger health. The annual output of tungsten tailings in China alone is about 400,000t. Improving the overall utilization of tungsten tailings is conducive to promoting the construction of tailings-free mines, which not only improves the added value of tungsten ore resources but also improves the mine environment, and is the future development direction of comprehensive utilization of tungsten tailings.     Tungsten Tailings       The main components in tungsten tailings are oxides of silicon and aluminum, and contain calcium, which are more similar to traditional construction materials and can be used as construction aggregates. However, there are some quartz and flint with alkali activity inside, and there is a risk of alkali aggregate reaction. After sorting and processing, throwing out the quartz and flint in it, it can be used as high standard construction aggregate for large projects, which greatly enhances the utilization and value of tungsten tailings. At the same time, there is also a part of the aggregate, due to the influence of the site water, there will be organic matter, mud lumps, silt and other substances, if made into aggregate, will also affect the overall quality, also need to be sorted, the organic matter and high mud content of the ore thrown out, to reduce the impact of such impurities on the quality of the aggregate, to improve the overall quality and value of the aggregate.         Promoting the recycling of tailings resources and reducing the amount of tailings is a must to promote the development of green mines. It is also a historic development opportunity for mining enterprises, through the utilization of tailings, the utilization rate of mining resources can be effectively improved.         For a long time, Mingde Photoelectric has been around the ore sorting technology research and development, to improve the utilization of ore resources, has been working hard to move forward. In order to expand the scope of application of the equipment, breakthrough photoelectric separation limitations, greatly enhance the scope of ore sorting, for the progress of ore sorting technology, to provide strong support, while the research and development of equipment to fully take into account the complexity of the mining environment, the overall stability of the sorting, yield have a great guarantee. For the green mine,  Mingde provide the wisdom.

China Mining News: The establishment of a long-term, stable, efficient and diversified resource security system should be accelerated   The government work report of this year's national two sessions proposed to adhere to the general keynote of seeking progress in a stable manner, promote the overall improvement of economic operation, and achieve effective improvement of quality and reasonable growth of quantity. At present, China's metal mineral consumption accounts for more than 40% of the total global consumption, of which, iron ore consumption accounts for 62%. The huge consumption makes China's metal minerals import quantity is increasing day by day, the degree of foreign dependence is rising, the import price is climbing. How to effectively maintain the balance of demand and supply over a period of time is still the focus of great concern in the industry. Recently, Fan Tiejun, Deputy Secretary General of China Iron and Steel Industry Association and President of Metallurgical Industry Planning and Research Institute, gave an in-depth interpretation of the current supply and demand situation and development trend of iron ore industry and made relevant suggestions. I. Global iron ore supply will exceed demand for a period of time Fan Tiejun said in his analysis of the current supply and demand situation and development trend of the global iron ore industry, global steel consumption in 2022 will be 1.795 billion tons, down 2% year-on-year. Based on the analysis of global and regional economic development and steel demand, it is predicted that in the second half of the 14th Five-Year Plan, major steel consuming regions will achieve economic growth, leading to a slight growth trend in global steel consumption. In this context, from the demand side, the global iron ore consumption in 2022 is estimated at 2.258 billion tons, down 3% year-on-year, according to pig iron production. It is expected that the future of China's pig iron production will continue in the reduction adjustment area for a longer period of time, iron ore demand and pig iron production will remain synchronized; other countries around the world new iron ore demand basically just to make up for China's share of decline, the global demand for iron ore overall show a stable trend, the recent decline is still possible. From the supply side, global iron ore production will be about 2.4 billion tons in 2022. In recent years, the four major mines still have some iron ore capacity released to increase capacity or to supplement the capacity to be closed, and along with the production of some iron ore mines in Africa, the global iron ore supply shows an overall growth trend. Looking to the medium to long term, as global iron ore demand decreases and high cost and low quality mines gradually exit, future iron ore supply will gradually decrease. Overall, the global iron ore supply exceeds demand will exist for a long time in a certain period of time. Second, the demand for high-grade iron ore in China will gradually increase The central economic work conference in December 2022 clearly put forward, "strengthen the important energy, mineral resources domestic exploration and development and increase storage on production, accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system, and enhance the national strategic material reserve security capacity. Recently, a number of national policies have pointed out the direction for a new round of mineral exploration. From the domestic iron ore market, in 2022, the lack of demand-side led to a 3% year-on-year decline in China's steel consumption. But China's long-term economic fundamentals have not changed, the relevant experts expect that the "14th Five-Year" period, China's steel demand will fluctuate downward trend, but still remain at a high level. In this regard, Fan Tiejun said, under the guidance of industrial policy, China's steel industry to production capacity double control as the basis, to ultra-low emission transformation as a grip, to energy consumption double control as the driver, to intelligent manufacturing initiatives, low-carbon transformation as the guide, and unswervingly take the road of green low-carbon quality development, to promote the transformation of development and structural adjustment. Process structure adjustment, "double carbon" target, with China's steel industry to the peak area in the middle and late development, scrap resources, electricity and other support conditions gradually improved, to a certain extent will accelerate the steel process structure adjustment, accelerate the proportion of electric furnace steel to enhance, but the adjustment cycle may be longer. Material structure adjustment, environmental protection policy, industrial policy, blast furnace large-scale and other factors, will help push China's blast furnace furnace structure to "pellet increase, sintering down" direction optimization adjustment; with low-carbon smelting process and technological innovation, blast furnace process with traditional iron ore raw material demand will gradually reduce, the demand for high-grade ore resources will also gradually Increase. For the current situation and trend of China's iron ore demand, Fan Tiejun has analyzed and predicted from 4 dimensions. In terms of domestic ore, in recent years, China's iron ore production has been falling before rising, and the national iron ore production in 2022 will be 968 million tons of raw ore, or about 300 million tons of finished ore. The future of domestic mineral production will be to stabilize growth and adjust the structure, maintaining a certain level of supply capacity and resource security. Imported ore, in recent years, China's iron ore imports are fluctuating upward trend, reaching 1.107 billion tons in 2022; China's external dependence on iron ore is rising and then falling trend, accounting for about 79.8% of the total consumption of iron ore in 2022, although imports have declined, but still at a high level. As China's scrap steel utilization rises, the overall demand for iron ore is downward, coupled with the successful implementation of the "Keystone Plan" for domestic ore production, the amount of imported ore will drop significantly. In terms of equity mining, China's overseas equity mining capacity will be about 62.9 million tons in 2022. Considering the current progress of major overseas iron ore projects, with the implementation of the "Keystone Plan", the amount of China's overseas equity ore is expected to further increase during the "Tenth Five-Year Plan". In terms of iron ore prices, iron ore prices will rise and then fall in 2022, with huge oscillations. Recent iron ore prices by the "strong expectations" and the market speculation has climbed sharply, but the current end demand is expected to continue to be in doubt, the high price support is not enough. In the long run, "strong expectations" will eventually return to rational reality, iron ore prices will fall back to a reasonable range. Third, the overall supply of steel scrap resources is on the rise Steel scrap as recycled steel raw materials, is an important source of iron, is a green raw material for the iron and steel industry, iron ore has a certain alternative role. The use of scrap steel and the use of iron ore as a source of iron, the structure of iron resources, energy structure and process structure, on resources, energy consumption and all types of emissions, including carbon dioxide emissions will have a significant impact. Relevant data show that by 2025, China's steel accumulation will reach 12 billion tons and the annual output of scrap steel resources will reach 270-300 million tons; by 2030, China's steel accumulation will reach 13.2 billion tons and the annual output of scrap steel resources will reach 320-350 million tons. In March this year, Vice Minister of Industry and Information Technology Xin Guobin said when talking about the industrial carbon peak and green transformation, this year will implement the comprehensive utilization of resources to improve quality and efficiency action, and strive to achieve the utilization of scrap steel to 265 million tons in 2023. China Scrap Iron and Steel Application Association analysis that, with the recent start of the infrastructure market, steel into the end demand gradually stronger, steel enterprises production enthusiasm significantly increased, profitability has also improved, to a certain extent, to support the scrap steel prices rise. But the current thin profits of steel enterprises, steel prices continue to move upward momentum is insufficient, steel enterprises scrap arrivals at a higher level, and merchants have intentions to step up shipments, or will inhibit the scrap prices continue to rise. Scrap prices are expected to rise and fall in the short term, steel enterprises will be based on inventory and other circumstances to adjust the purchase price slightly. For the development trend of the scrap market, Fan Tiejun said that through the study of the relationship between the amount of scrap resources generated and steel accumulation in China, and combined with the actual supply and demand of domestic scrap in recent years, it is estimated that as China's social steel accumulation will continue to grow rapidly, the output of scrap resources will further increase, coupled with the liberalization of renewable steel raw material import policy, it is expected that the overall supply of scrap resources in China is on the rise. At the same time, he said that in recent years, China's scrap steel processing enterprises have surged, the more intense competition. At present, domestic scrap resources are limited, not enough to support the rapid development of electric furnace steel, and steel enterprises to enhance the level of application of scrap steel. To further strengthen China's scrap steel resource security capacity, it is recommended to accelerate the creation of scrap steel resources recycling industry system, improve the construction of the management system of the scrap steel industry, and guide the efficient use of scrap steel resources in the steel industry. Fourth, accelerate the establishment of long-term stable and efficient diversified resource security system Iron ore as a national strategic mineral resources, to maintain the steel industry chain supply chain security has a ballast role. Fan Tiejun said that the essential problem of China's iron ore resource security is structural imbalance. The main manifestation is that the total amount of domestic iron ore resources is large, but mainly poor ore; imports are large, accounting for a high proportion and concentrated sources; the slow progress of investment in iron ore resources abroad, the overall effectiveness is not obvious; strong financial attributes of iron ore, the lack of pricing discourse; supply and demand sides of the market position is not equal. At present, China's iron ore security capacity is still seriously inadequate. The high degree of foreign dependence on iron ore not only seriously affects the supply chain security of the industrial chain, national strategic security, but also makes the steel industry a large number of profits captured by foreign mining enterprises. He suggested that China's steel industry should accelerate the establishment of long-term, stable, efficient and diversified resource security system. To make full and efficient use of domestic and foreign resources, while stabilizing the domestic cycle, to promote the formation of international circulation, the formation of domestic and international dual cycle of raw materials security pattern. It should also strive to build a multi-dimensional and diversified resource security channel through the joint use of domestic and foreign mines, the formation of a strategic supply chain, ensuring a certain proportion of equity mines, strengthening the construction of overseas multi-resource bases, establishing a resource reserve system, strengthening the risk prevention of iron ore transportation channels, using and improving the raw material financial trade system and related derivatives, and other paths. Note: This article is from China Iron and Steel Industry Association

Introduction of mining types and methods   Mine Mining   Mining refers to the use of artificial or mechanical mining of valuable natural mineral resources. According to the different depths of deposits and the requirements of technical and economic rationality, mining is divided into two ways: open-pit mining and underground mining. The part close to the surface and shallowly buried is mined by open-pit mining, and the deep part is mined underground.   For an ore body, whether to use open pit mining or underground mining depends on the state of the ore body's deposit. If open pit mining is used, how deep should be used is reasonable, there is a depth boundary problem, the determination of the depth boundary mainly depends on the economic efficiency. In general, the realm stripping for example is less than or equal to the economic and reasonable stripping ratio, open pit mining can be used, otherwise, underground mining methods are used. (A) open-pit mining   Open-pit mining is a mining method that uses mining equipment to strip rocks and extract useful minerals in an open-air condition, in an open-air or depressed open-air manner on a hillside, stage by stage. Compared with underground mining, open pit mining has many advantages, such as fast construction, high labor productivity, low cost, good labor conditions, safe working, high ore recovery rate, low depletion loss, etc. Especially with the development of large and efficient open pit mining and transportation equipment, open pit mining will be more widely used. At present, most of the ferrous metallurgy mines in China adopt open-pit mining.   The whole process of constructing an open pit mine generally includes: the construction of surface facilities in the mine area; the dewatering and drainage prevention of the deposit; the basic construction of the open pit and a series of preparatory work for putting into production.   Open pit infrastructure is mainly to dig the entry ditch, exit ditch and open section ditch, lay the transportation line, build the drainage field, strip the rock and build the drainage and power supply facilities.   The entry and exit trenches are to establish inclined transport roads from the ground to the working levels and between the working levels. Open section trenches are the horizontal trenches dug at each level to open up the mining workings, which are the initial workings of the opening phase.   Trenching, stripping and mining are three important parts of the open pit production process. The speed of decline of open pit mine and the length of preparation time for new levels are mainly determined by the trenching speed. In order to ensure the continuous and normal production of the open pit mine, a certain relationship must be maintained between trenching, stripping and mining in terms of space and time. Follow the principle of "mining and stripping, stripping first" to organize production.   Open pit production process, whether stripping or recovery of ore, the process generally go through perforation, blasting, loading and transportation. At present, the equipment used in China's ferrous metallurgy mines, perforation is mainly tooth wheel drill and perforation drill, impact drill has been eliminated. Most of the loading equipment use 3 ~ 4.6 m 3 electric shovel, 6 m 3 above the electric shovel also began to use. Most of the transport equipment use more than 20 tons of heavy vehicles and 80-150 tons of motor vehicles, 100 tons of electric wheel vehicles are also used in some mega mines.     (ii) Underground mining   When the deposit is buried very deep below the surface and the stripping factor is too high by open-pit mining, underground mining is used when it is considered reasonable to use underground mining after technical and economic comparison.   As the ore body is buried deep, in order to extract the ore, it is necessary to excavate tunnels leading from the surface to the ore body, such as vertical shafts, inclined shafts, ramp roads, flat tunnels, etc. The focus of underground mining capital construction is to dig these shafts and lane works.   Underground mining mainly includes three steps: exploration, mining and cutting (quarrying and cutting work) and recovery. Open up is in order to reach the ore body from the surface and open up the shaft, inclined shaft, ramp road, flat road and other shaft excavation project. Quarrying is the preparation work for ore recovery on the basis of pioneering works, including mining preparation lanes such as flat lanes, cross lanes and skylines in the digging stage. Cutting is the shaft work that must be completed before the recovery operation according to the mining method on the basis of the development and quasi-engineering, such as cutting the patio, cutting the flat lane, pulling the bottom lane, cutting the riffle, releasing the ore hopper, rock drilling chamber, etc. The backhoe is a mining operation in the quarry that includes rock cutting and crumbling of ore, transporting and moving ore and supporting the quarry. These three steps are carried out in sequence, and after the mine is in operation, the various shafts and tunnels continue to be excavated in order to maintain normal production. Such as the extension of the development of the roadway, the excavation of various prospecting   mining, back mining roadway, etc.. In time, we must follow the production law of "development ahead of mining, mining ahead of recovery, to ensure that the amount of production at all levels of preparation to reach a reasonable retention period". This is through the long-term production practice summed up more in line with the scientific laws of mine production practice.   When mining underground deposits, the upper stage is generally mined first, followed by the lower stage. In the stage, the ore block is divided into blocks along the direction of the deposit (the height of the block is generally 40-60 meters, while in foreign countries it is generally 60-120 meters, and can even reach 200 meters), and the block is generally used as the basic unit or the block is subdivided into ore houses and pillars for recovery.   There are many underground mining methods, mainly divided into the following three categories:   (1) Natural support mining method. The mining area is divided into ore houses and ore pillars. When mining back to the room, the resulting void area is supported by the pillar, therefore, the basic condition for using this type of mining method is that both the ore and the surrounding rock need to be stable.   (2) Artificial support mining method. In the mining area, as the recovery workings advance, artificial support methods are used to maintain the mining void and form the workings.   (3) Crumbling mining method. It is a method to control the management of ground pressure by filling the mining area with the crumbling surrounding rock as the ore falls. As the upper and lower plate rock crumbling will cause the collapse of the surface, so the surface allows crumbling is a necessary prerequisite for the use of this type of mining method.   Underground mining, whether it is pioneering, quantification or recovery, generally have to go through rock drilling, blasting, ventilation, loading, support and transportation and lifting processes.   At present, China's key underground mining equipment, rock drilling is mainly used rock drills, rock drills and deep hole drilling rigs used in the quarry. Loading is mainly used loaders, scrapers, electric rakes, etc.. Flat tunnel transportation and lifting generally use motor trucks to haul columns of ore cars to shafts, inclined shafts, hoisting shafts and sites, and then use cages to lift the ore cars to the ground, and large underground mines are unloading the ore cars into bins and then loading them into skips to lift them to the ground.

Raw ore, concentrate, tailings|  unknown ore testing and identification   The ore just extracted from the mine is the raw ore, which is crushed and then goes into the first flotation process, i.e. rougher separation, resulting in rougher concentrate and rougher tailings.   The coarse tailing is then flotation, i.e., sweeping, which produces sweeping concentrate and sweeping tailing.   The coarse concentrate is then flotation, i.e. selected, to produce a concentrate and a concentrate tailing.   After the initial separation of the ore, such as flotation, re-election or magnetic separation, the water content of some of the veins or peridotite selected, and the product higher than the original grade, called coarse concentrate, generally not up to the requirements of the quality of the concentrate, this process is called coarse separation services. The coarse concentrate will be re-elected to get qualified concentrate, this process is called selection operation. Sometimes it is necessary to select the coarse concentrate several times to get qualified concentrate, and the operation is called primary selection, secondary selection and tertiary selection in order .......      Generally, the rougher tailings cannot be discarded as the final tailings, and often need to enter the next step of the operation, which is called sweeping. In order to improve the metal recovery, it is sometimes necessary to go through several sweeping operations to arrive at the final tailings.   After the ore has been processed by the separation operation, most of the veins and impurities are removed, so that the useful minerals are enriched product is called concentrate. The concentrate is the final product of the beneficiation plant, sometimes called the final concentrate, and is generally used as the raw material for smelting. The final concentrate has to make its main components and impurity content meet the national standards in order to be called qualified concentrate.   For concentrate, medium ore and tailings, what is outside the concentrate and tailings after each flotation is called medium ore.    After a raw ore is treated by the separation operation, its main components have been enriched in the concentrate, and in some cases, after comprehensive treatment, the minor components of the ore or other associated metals are also recovered. So the remaining part of the product contains very low components, and this part of the product is called tailings, or final tailings. It should be noted that the tailings still contain useful components that are difficult to extract due to the current level of technology, but have the potential to be reused as raw materials in the future. Therefore, the tailings are generally stockpiled and preserved in tailings storage.    Analysis of unknown ore minerals Ore testing types 1, geological and chemical exploration: census samples, slot (pit) samples, drill samples, dispersion flow samples, secondary halo samples, primary halo samples, etc. 2、Ore minerals: copper, lead and zinc ore, gold ore, molybdenum ore, tungsten ore, titanium ore, tin ore, antimony ore, bismuth ore, mercury ore, cobalt ore, nickel ore, chromium ore, iron ore, manganese ore, phosphate ore, fluorite, bauxite, sulphide iron ore and rock analysis, etc. 3, concentrate products: copper concentrate, lead concentrate, zinc concentrate, gold concentrate, tin concentrate, antimony concentrate, tungsten concentrate, molybdenum concentrate, etc. 4、Mineral products: various concentrates (beneficial and harmful impurity components), imported raw materials and smelting slag materials, etc. ‍ Ore is rich, various metal types and content varies, fine detection technology reference national ore detection standards, to provide you with all kinds of ores, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, tin, cobalt, aluminum and other non-ferrous metal content analysis, detection, identification services, as well as gold, silver, palladium, platinum and other precious metal content of the assay analysis services, each element detection methods are in strict accordance with the relevant national testing standards, and can do accurate and fast.   This article is reprinted from: Intercontinental Mining

Tailings problem, gold companies to solve this way ......   Tailings usually refers to mine solid waste that is not suitable for further sorting and recovery under the prevailing conditions after mine beneficiation. And tailings storage simply refers to the construction of a dam to intercept the valley mouth or enclose the land constituted to stockpile metal or non-metallic mines for ore beneficiation after the discharge of tailings or other industrial waste places.   At present, there are nearly 10,000 tailing ponds in China, and the number of tailing ponds is large and widely distributed. Tailings pond environmental management base is weak, coupled with the tailings pond pollution hidden strong, some tailings ponds adjacent to important rivers, drinking water sources and other ecologically sensitive targets, pollution prevention measures are not perfect, operation and management is not standardized, environmental risks are more prominent.   Tailings pollution problem should not be underestimated   The problem of tailings is extremely prominent in the mining pollution problems that have occurred in recent years. The 2011 Yunnan Qujing chrome slag pollution incident, resulting in the death of sheep, pigs and undrinkable water; a mining company in Shaanxi Province in 2012 discharged ore processing slag through a river berm, affecting the arable land of downstream villages and the lives and property of residents; 2015, a company located in Longnan City tailings pond leakage, resulting in a sudden environmental incident across Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces, causing a certain impact on the production and living water of some people along the line, and directly threatening the safety of water supply to local residents; In 2020, a mining company tailings pond in Heilongjiang Province leaked, causing the local first water plant to stop taking water, and some river sections, farmland and woodland pollution in Yichun City and Suihua City ...... These lessons always remind us that the pollution problem caused by tailings cannot be underestimated and must be taken seriously. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution (amended in 2020) requires that adhering to the principles of reduction, resourcefulness and harmlessness, mining enterprises should adopt scientific mining methods and beneficiation processes to reduce the amount of tailings, coal gangue, waste rock and other mining solid waste generated and stored. At the same time, the state encourages the adoption of advanced technology for tailings, coal gangue, waste rock and other mining solid waste for comprehensive utilization. Tailings, coal gangue, waste rock and other mining solid waste storage facilities after the cessation of use, mining enterprises should be sealed in accordance with national regulations on environmental protection and other provisions to prevent environmental pollution and ecological damage. In 2022, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment issued the "tailings pollution prevention and management measures," "tailings pond pollution hidden danger investigation and management technical guidelines (for trial implementation)" to risk prevention and control as the core implementation of tailings pond classification and classification of environmental management, and firmly guard the bottom line of ecological and environmental security. At the same time continue to promote the Yangtze River economic belt, the Yellow River basin and other key areas, watershed tailing pond pollution management, strengthen the flood tailing pond pollution hidden danger investigation and management, and improve the tailing pond environmental supervision infrastructure capacity, further improve the tailing pond environmental information, build tailing pond environmental management information system, with information technology means to enhance the tailing pond environmental management capacity and level, enhance the ecological environment departments around the tailing pond Pollution management level and environmental supervision capacity. And the World Gold Council also reflects the high importance it places on tailings and emissions management in its 2019 release of the Responsible Gold Mining Principles (RGMP) - we will ensure that environmental responsibility is at the heart of our operations and will follow ongoing management and governance actions that are consistent with accepted practices to design, construct, manage and abandoned tailings storage and heap leach facilities and major hydraulic infrastructure. At the same time, no new mines will be developed that would involve the use of riverine or shallow seabed tailings. Managing tailings gold companies have been taking action   For gold mining companies, the concern for ecological protection and the practice of the concept of "green water and green mountain is the silver mountain" is something that they need to improve and implement throughout their production management process. Many gold mining companies have been exploring and taking concrete actions to address the core issue of tailings management. In order to improve the tailings problem in the mining process, many enterprises use advanced AI ore sorting machine to enrich the tailings, enhance the grade of ore and reduce the tailings throwing. In order to improve the tailings problem in the mining process, many gold mining companies have adopted dust prevention and environmentally friendly mining methods. For example, in order to manage the adverse effects brought by tailings, all subsidiaries of China Gold Group have hardened or greened the exposed ground of industrial sites, and set up wind and dust suppression nets in the tailings storage and coal pile of the boiler house, equipped with watering trucks, and regularly sprinkled the site road surface, ore transportation road and tailings storage, which effectively reduce dust pollution. Ltd. as a tailing-free metal mine is implementing the filling method of mining, most of the tailing sand is used to fill the underground mining area, and the composition of the remaining tailing sand is tested, combined with the characteristics of tailing sand with high calcium content, small particles, easy to form, and high pressure resistance after drying, and actively cooperates with local cement plants and brick kiln factories, and part of it is supplied to relevant enterprises in proportion to maximize the value of the effective use of mineral resources. . The comprehensive utilization of tailings and waste rocks is another practice of gold mining enterprises to explore tailings management. For example, Zijin Mining Group has always given priority to the comprehensive utilization of tailings and waste rocks by means of underground filling, use as construction materials, vegetation restoration, road paving and recovery of valuable components, etc. The rest is stockpiled in drainage sites or tailing ponds that meet the national standards of the location, and the tailing ponds are impermeable in accordance with the requirements of the local standards to ensure the safety of groundwater quality downstream of the tailing ponds. The Group strictly follows the approved design plan for the operation of re-mining, sand discharge and drainage in the reservoir to ensure the safety of the tailing dam and the original flood discharge facilities, and conducts inspection and facility maintenance management in accordance with the relevant requirements of tailing pond safety management. After all the tailings back mining no longer carry out tailing operations, timely to the safety production supervision and management departments to fulfill the tailing pond cancellation procedures. At the same time, the tailing pond will be closed according to the regulations of tailing pond closure after the reuse production is completed. In addition, Anhui Taiping Mining Co., Ltd, a subsidiary of China Gold Group, also provides tailings sand after physical drying to road construction enterprises as raw materials, opening up a new way of mineral resources development and comprehensive utilization, which not only saves resources, but also provides a broader space for the company to expand the comprehensive utilization of tailings sand. Only by improving the utilization rate of water resources and protecting water resources can we achieve the long-term and stable development of gold mining enterprises. The recycling of water resources has also become a major direction for gold mining enterprises in the management of tailings. In China Gold Group, most of the mining enterprises adopt the tailing slag press filter dry discharge technology, adopt press filter dry discharge for tailing, and recycle water resources, all wastewater is not discharged, and the water recycling rate reaches more than 92%. For example, after the tailing wastewater is clarified and treated, it flows into the return dam under the tailing reservoir and is pumped back to the high level pool of the processing plant for flotation production recycling, and the water in the tailing reservoir is not discharged. In addition, Tong Hui Mining, a subsidiary of Zhajin Mining, has invested more than 6 million yuan to build a tailing wastewater recycling system and an underground mine brine water recycling system, and laid a wastewater recycling and reuse pipeline, so that all the recycled wastewater can be used for production reuse after treatment, which can reduce the amount of new water used for ore dressing by more than 2 million cubic meters per year and realize the efficient recycling of ore dressing wastewater. Zero discharge" and 100% "reuse" of saline water under the mine, ensuring the coordinated development and green development of the production system and the ecosystem. For the tailing sand produced by the beneficiation plant, Tong Hui Mining actively carries out project research and development, using the tailing sand to carry out the paste cement filling project, filling more than 70% of the tailing sand into the underground mining area and the former surface collapse area after thickening, reducing the amount of tailing sand discharge, effectively extending the service life of the tailing pond, and generating good social and ecological benefits. In addition to tailings management in the mining process, gold mining enterprises are also exploring and practicing in pre-mining assessment and post-operation ecological restoration. Before the construction of each project, Zhaogold Mining Co., Ltd. conducts environmental impact assessment in strict accordance with the procedures, analyzes the possible impact on the environment after the project is completed and put into operation, and proposes countermeasures and measures to prevent pollution. At the same time, Zhaogold Mining, in addition to conscientiously fulfilling the procedures of environmental protection acceptance of project completion, carries out comprehensive recycling of the waste left behind in the production process, focuses on strengthening the comprehensive management of mining areas and tailing ponds, and does a good job of mine greening, beautification and ecological environment construction to further improve the environmental situation around the enterprise. In February this year, Serbia's Zijin Copper Boer River comprehensive environmental management project officially dug into the construction. After the completion of the project will enhance the tailings storage and open pit safety operation capacity, improve the ecological environment of the natural water system in the downstream section of the Pol River and Timok (Timok), with good ecological and social benefits. Zijin Por copper mine insists on creating a "garden mine" and vigorously implements greening and reclamation. At present, all tailing ponds, open pit slopes and slopes of some abandoned dumps have been greened, with more than 60,000 seedlings planted and a new greening area of about 350,000 square meters, giving the mine and plant areas a new look. The project has also taken many measures to control dust, solid waste, waste water and waste gas, with remarkable results. In addition, some gold mining enterprises have also built a model combining "industry, academia and research" to promote tailings management. For example, Shandong Gold Group, in view of the common problems such as the high emission of gold tailings and the high disposal cost and safety and environmental protection pressure caused by the residual cyanide in the smelting cyanide slag, has organized relevant enterprises and strong scientific research institutes in China to jointly establish the "Joint Innovation Research Base for Resourceful Utilization of Gold Tailings", with the theme of low-cost resourceful disposal of gold tailings. Low-cost resource utilization disposal is the theme, using AI ore sorting machine ,Mineral separator  , bulk ore sorting system and optical sorting machine to enrich the grade ,reducing the tailing, giving full play to the advantages of internal and external resources, to overcome the key technology of resource utilization of tailings, to build a demonstration project of ecological disposal of tailings, and to solve the problem of "neck" of tailings disposal. The waste stone is widely used for underground filling, tailing reservoir dam building, building stone, etc. The tailing sand is comprehensively used for underground filling, outbound transportation, construction materials, etc. The comprehensive disposal rate of tailing sand is greatly improved. Among them, Xinhui Company and Hainan Shanjin Company took the lead in building a tailing-free mine, realizing comprehensive recycling and turning waste into treasure, and its advanced experience and practices are being promoted and applied in other mines. At the same time to strengthen the whole process of standardized management of hazardous waste, the enterprises belong to the establishment of standardized hazardous waste temporary storage room, the strict implementation of the five-linked list system, to achieve the collection, utilization, temporary storage, transportation, utilization and disposal of hazardous waste for the whole process of standardized management.    

The requirements of different mineral species for drilling! Firstly. Iron, manganese and chromium   1. The core take rate of the prospecting hole (including the rocks within 5 m above and below the top and bottom plates) shall not be less than 80 %. When the core take rate is less than 80 % for 5 m in a row, the reason shall be identified and remedial measures shall be taken. The stratified take rate of the surrounding rock core shall not be less than 65 %.  2. The drilling process used should be able to maintain the original structural characteristics and integrity of the ore and avoid crushing and depletion of the core. The length of drilling rounds and the rate of taking rounds should be strictly controlled in complex vein and multi-vein deposits to prevent ore leakage in drilling. When diamond rope core drilling is used, the diameter of the penetration hole should meet the sampling requirements. 3. Carefully measure the top angle and azimuth of the drill hole, and do a good job of hole depth correction, original records, simple hydrological observation, hole sealing and storage of ore and core. The curvature of the drill hole should meet the requirements of the regulations and geological design, and remedy the deflection of the drill hole in time. The bending degree of drill holes should be measured at the ore site and at the exit point of the ore body with thickness greater than 30 m. If the quality of hole sealing does not meet the requirements of regulations or design, the hole should be resealed.   Secondly, copper, lead, zinc, silver, nickel, molybdenum   The average rate of cores and cores within 3 m-5 m of the ore body and its top and bottom plates shall not be less than 80%, and the continuous length of cores within thick ore bodies with a rate of less than 80% shall not exceed 5 m, otherwise remedial measures shall be taken. The stratified average take rate of the surrounding rock core is generally not less than 65%. The drilling process used should be able to maintain the original structural characteristics and integrity of the ore and avoid crushing and depletion of the core. In complex vein type and multi-vein belt type deposits, the length of drilling rounds and the rate of taking rounds should be strictly controlled to prevent ore leakage in drilling. When diamond drilling process is used, the diameter of the penetration hole should meet the sampling requirements. The air reverse circulation (CSR) drilling process is allowed for dense sampling holes. Carefully measure the top angle and azimuth of the drill hole, and do a good job of hole depth correction, original records, simple hydrological observation, hole sealing and core storage. The curvature of the drill hole should meet the requirements of the regulations and geological design, and remedy the deflection of the drill hole in time. The top angle and azimuth of the drill hole should be measured at the ore site (and the ore body with a thickness of more than 30 m). If the quality of hole sealing does not meet the requirements of the regulations or design, the hole should be resealed. Thirdly. Tungsten, tin, mercury, antimony   The average rate of core taking should not be less than 70%. The rate of taking the ore body and its top and bottom plate 3 m-5 m of the surrounding rock, near the ore surrounding rock alteration zone, and the ore control structure mark layer is not less than 80%; if there are two consecutive times (or more than 5 m in the thick ore body) the rate of taking is less than 80%, remedial measures must be taken. The core should be kept intact as far as possible, with special attention to the possible depletion or enrichment artifacts caused by the crushing of the core. For this reason, the length and drilling time of the drilling rounds should be strictly controlled for ore bodies with multiple vein zones and ore bodies controlled by broken zones; when diamond drilling technology is used, the diameter of the penetration holes should meet the sampling requirements. In accordance with the quality requirements of the relevant regulations, the top angle and azimuth of the borehole must be measured carefully, and the work of borehole inclination measurement, hole depth correction, simple hydrogeological observation, original records, hole sealing and core storage must be done. The bending degree of the drill hole must meet the requirements of the regulations and geological design, and the permissible range of the azimuth deflection of the drill hole cannot exceed one-fifth of the spacing of the exploration line, and the deflection should be remedied in time. When the quality of sealing holes does not meet the requirements of the regulations or design, it is necessary to rework and reseal. Fourthly, Rock gold            Ore core and 3 m-5 m of the surrounding rock should be taken ≥ 80%. The top angle and azimuth should be measured and the hole depth should be measured when entering and leaving the ore body. Other engineering quality in accordance with the "Core Drilling Regulations".   Fifthly. Bauxite, metallurgical magnesite   Core drilling is used to explore the deep ore body and geological structure. Its engineering quality according to the "Core Drilling Regulations" implementation. The ore body and its top and bottom plate (including refractory clay, iron ore and other co-generated minerals) within 5 m of the core, core take rate shall not be less than 80%. When drilling in the ore layer, the return feed is generally not more than 1 m. If the take rate is less than 80% for two consecutive returns, remedial measures should be taken immediately. The stratification rate of rock layers shall not be less than 65%. During the drilling process, the top angle and orientation must be accurately determined according to the provisions of the "Core Drilling Regulations". At the same time, simple hydrological observation, hole depth correction, original records and rock (mineral) core storage should be done. After the drilling is completed, the hole should be sealed according to the geological design requirements, and the hole mark should be buried. When the quality of hole sealing does not meet the requirements of the regulations or design, it is necessary to rework and reseal. Sixthly, Rare metals   The average rate of core and rock core taken within 3 m-5 m of the ore body and its top and bottom plates is not less than 80%, and the cumulative footage of core taken within the thick ore body with a rate lower than 80% shall not exceed 5 m. The rate of rock core taken shall not be less than 65%. If the rock core does not meet the above requirements or the core selectively wears out seriously, remedial measures are required. The rock and ore cores are required to be kept in storage, coded, arranged in an orderly manner and properly stored.2. The drilling process used should be able to maintain the original structural characteristics and integrity of the ore and avoid crushing and depleting the cores. In compound vein type and multi-vein belt type deposits, the drilling return feed and return take rate should be strictly controlled to prevent ore leakage in drilling. When diamond drilling process is used, the diameter of the penetration hole should meet the sampling requirements. Carefully measure the top angle and azimuth of the drill hole, and do a good job of hole depth correction, original records, simple hydrological observation, hole sealing and core storage. The curvature of the drill hole should meet the requirements of the regulations and geological design, and remedy the deflection of the drill hole in time. The bending degree of the drill hole should be measured at the ore site (and the ore body thickness greater than 30 m). If the quality of hole sealing does not meet the requirements of the regulations or design, the hole should be resealed. When nail-in semi-combined pipe drilling is used to survey weathered crust deposits, the average rate of cores taken shall not be less than 85%, and 3%-5% of the holes shall be used for quality inspection by shallow wells. The number of survey holes in the mine area less than 50, check the number of shallow wells should not be less than 5. Seventhly. Rare earth ore   Rare earth endogenous deposits and the top and bottom plate of the 5 m range of rocks and sign layer shall not be less than the requirements of the regulations to take the core rate (generally the average take rate of not less than 80%) or the requirements of the survey design. Thick ore body inside the core take rate, below the above requirements shall not exceed 5 m continuously, beyond 5 m, remedial measures should be taken immediately, otherwise the project will not be accepted and should be scrapped. Drill hole in and out of the ore body should measure the top angle, orientation, measurement of hole depth. Drill hole actual out of the mine point deviation from the design out of the vertical exploration line distance, should depend on the specific circumstances of the deposit. Drill holes should generally be logged. The cores of rock and ore should be protected, coded, arranged in an orderly manner and properly preserved. For weathering shell ion adsorption type deposits, a small number of holes can be used to understand the relationship between the composition of bedrock material and the deposit, no flushing solution should be used, the original structure of the ore and the integrity of the core should be maintained. Eighthly, kaolin, bentonite, refractory clay   Ore core take rate and the top and bottom of the 3m-5m above and below the ore layer core take rate shall not be less than 80%, the general core take rate shall not be less than 70%. For the larger thickness of the ore body, the core take rate requires continuous 5 m-10 m section average take rate of not less than 80%, stratified core take rate of not less than 70%. Drill hole penetration diameter to meet the requirements of various sample testing shall prevail. Underground mining construction holes must be strictly sealed, the quality of sealed holes should be taken 10%-20% of random sampling perforation inspection, the pass rate required to reach 100%. For the use of mud (bentonite ore can not add alkali) when drilling, the core of the mine to take samples must be stripped of mud skin. Drilling project quality requirements should be implemented "Core Drilling Regulations" provisions. Ninthly, metallurgy, chemical limestone and dolomite, cement raw materials   Drill hole core take rate calculated by 8 m continuous, the average should not be less than 80%, the ore body of the sandwich stone, from the top and bottom of the ore body 3 m-5 m of the surrounding rock to take rate requirements with the ore body. Other cores should be taken at a rate of not less than 70% in general. For open pit mines with depressions below the water table, the holes should be sealed according to the relevant regulations and design requirements. Drilling quality requirements in accordance with the relevant regulations, regulations. Tenthly, barite, toxic heavy stone, fluorite, boron ore   Drilling project should pay attention to improve the rock (mine) core take rate, the core take rate of not less than 65%, the core and ore body top, bottom plate (3 m-5 m range) take rate should be greater than 75%. Fluorite ore penetration hole diameter shall not be less than 56 mm. In the drilling construction, the zenith angle and azimuth angle of the drill hole should be carefully measured, and the hole depth correction, original records, simple hydrological observation, hole sealing and core storage should be done. If the hole deflection and sealing quality do not meet the requirements of the regulations and design, remedial measures should be taken in time. Drilling works should be carried out in accordance with the "Core Drilling Regulations".   Eleventhly, glass silica raw materials, decorative stone, graphite, gypsum, asbestos, wollastonite, talc   Glass silica raw material rock type ore, decorative stone ore, gypsum ore, wollastonite ore, talc ore, graphite ore drill core take rate of not less than 70%, the core (including ore, mineralized inclusions, near the mine 3 m surrounding rock and important marker layer) take rate of not less than 80%, calculate the average take rate of stratification, the thickness of the large ore body, according to the average take rate of 5 m-8 m continuous calculation, drilling Pay attention to keep the core intact during drilling. The stratified take rate of glassy-siliceous raw material sand ore layer is generally not less than 80% and not more than 130%, avoiding sand gushing during drilling. The core take rate of chrysotile mine top and bottom slab surrounding rocks should not be less than 75%, other core take rate should not be less than 70%, the core take rate should not be less than 90%, selective abrasion and disturbance of asbestos fiber should be prevented during drilling, and strive to keep the core intact and clean. Other quality requirements for drilling works follow the provisions of the "Core Drilling Regulations" promulgated by the Ministry of Geology and Minerals in 1982. Note: This article is from the internet, Intercontinental Mining  

Distribution of metal mines in China (mineral resources profile)   Distribution of Metal Minerals in China (Overview of Mineral Resources in China)   China's minerals - metal minerals China's proven reserves of 54 metal minerals, respectively: iron ore, manganese ore, chromite, titanium ore, vanadium ore, copper ore, lead ore, zinc ore, bauxite, magnesium ore, nickel ore, cobalt ore, tungsten ore, tin ore, bismuth ore, molybdenum ore, mercury ore, antimony ore, platinum group metals (platinum ore, palladium ore, iridium ore, rhodium ore, arsenic ore), the distribution of major metal minerals are briefly described below.   Iron Ore:There are 1,834 proven iron ore mining areas in China. Large and super-large iron ore areas mainly include Liaoning Anshan-Benxi iron ore, Jidong-Beijing iron ore, Hebei Handan-Xingtai iron ore, Shanxi Lingqiu Ping-type Guan iron ore, Shanxi Wutai-Lanxian iron ore, Inner Mongolia Baotou-Baiyun Ebo iron rust rare earth ore, Shandong Luzhong iron ore, Ningwu-Luzhong iron ore, Anhui Huoqiu iron ore, Hubei Edong iron ore, Jiangxi Xinyu-Jian iron ore, Fujian Minnan iron ore and Hainan Shiluo iron ore. Sichuan Panzhihua-Xichang Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite, Yunnan Yunnan Central Railway Mining Area, Yunnan Damenglong Iron Ore, Shaanxi Loyang Yudongzi Iron Ore, Gansu Hongshan Iron Ore, Gansu Mirror Iron Mountain Iron Ore, Xinjiang Hami Tianhu Iron Ore, etc.   Manganese ore:There are 213 proven manganese ore areas in China, including:Liaoning Wajia manganese ore; Fujian Liancheng manganese ore; Hunan Xiangtan, Minle, Manaoshan, Xiangtan Taoyuan manganese ore; Guangdong has Daixiao, Xinchun manganese ore; Guangxi Bayi, Xialei, Lipu manganese ore; Gao Yan and Jia Ding Shan manganese ore; Guizhou Zunyi manganese ore.   Chromite:There are 56 provenances, mainly Saltohai in Xinjiang, Lobosha in Tibet, Hegenshan in Inner Mongolia, and Gill in Gansu Avenue.   Copper ore:910 proven mining areas, mainly in Heilongjiang Dobao Mountain; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Getu Mountain and Huoge Qi, Jinta; Liaoning Red Turbine; copper ore concentration in Tongling, Anhui Province; Jiangxi Dexing, Chengmen Mountain, Wushan, level; Hubei Daye - Yiyang new copper ore concentration; Guangdong Shiguo; Shanxi Province, Zhongtiao Mountain area; Yunnan Dongchuan, Yimeng, Dahongshan; Yulong Tibet Autonomous Region, Marathon Duo, Yun Duo, Song Duo; Xinjiang Asher and other copper mines.   Bauxite ore:310 origins, mainly in Shanxi's Ke'er, Shi Gong, Wangxiang, Xihedi, Taihu Shi, Guozha Liang - Leijiasui, Kuan Lawn; Henan's Cao Yao, Ma Hang Gou, Jia Gou, Shi Si, Zhu Lin Gou, Jia Gou, Zhijian; Shandong Zibo; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Pingguo Nadu; Guizhou Province Zunyi (Tuanxi), Dai Lin, Xiaoshanba and other bauxite mining areas.   Lead-zinc ore: more than 700 origins, mainly Xilin in Heilongjiang Province; Red Turbine Mountain and Qingchengzi in Liaoning Province; Caijiayingzi in Hebei Province; Baiyinuo, Dongshengji, Jiashengpan and Tangyokou in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Xicheng (factory dam) in Gansu Province; Qiandongnan Prefecture in Shaanxi Province; Xitie Mountain in Qinghai Province; Shuikoushan and Huangshaping in Hunan Province; Fankou in Guangdong Province; 5 departments in Zhejiang Province; Lingshikeng in Jiangxi Province; Jiangsu Province Qixia Mountain; Dafang in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Lanping, Huize and Dulong in Yunnan Province; Daliangzi and Xiaocun lead-zinc mines in Sichuan Province.   Nickel ore:There are nearly one hundred sources. The main ones are Hongqi Ling and Chibaisong in Jilin Province; Jinchuan in Gansu; Kharatunk and Huangshan in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Lingshuijing and Yangping in Sichuan Province; Baimazhai and Mojiang nickel mines in Yunnan Province.   Molybdenum ore:222 origins, mainly in Jilin Daheishan; Liaoning Yangjiajianzi and Lanjiagou; Jindui City, Shaanxi Province; Luanchuan, Henan Province and other molybdenum ore.   Tungsten deposits:252 proven origins, mainly in Jiangxi Province, Xihuashan, bleaching pond, Dajishan, Pangu Mountain, Huamei Pass, Hukeng, Lower Tongling, Seven Sisters Mountain; Fujian Province, Hang Luokeng; Hunan Province, Kakizhuyuan, Xintianling, Yaogang Xian; see the Guangdong Province, the plate pit and Lotus Mountain; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Daming Mountain and coral; Gansu Province, such as tungsten ore Tadoguer.   Tin ore:293 proven origins, mainly in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Dazhang, Coral, Shuiyanba; Yunnan Dongchuan; Hunan Xianghua Ling, Hongqi Ling, Noge Tail and other tin ore.   Mercury and antimony ore: there are 103 proven sources of mercury and 111 sources of antimony. The main ones are Wanshan, Buchuan, Danzhai and Tongren in Guizhou; mercury mines such as Xinfeng, Hunan Tin Mine and Panxi in Hunan; Dafang in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; antimony mines such as Yawan in Gansu. Shaanxi Xunyang mercury antimony mine.   Gold ore: 1,265 proven mining areas, including Ulaga, Daanhe, Lao Zhushan, Huma, etc. in Heilongjiang Province; Hunchun, Jilin Province, folder Pigou; Wulong, Liaoning Province; Qianxi, Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou; Shandong Linglong, Jiaojia, Xincheng, Sanjiadao, Yingezhuang; Wenyu, Tonggu, Jinqu, Qinling, Shangong in Henan Province; Guangdong Hetai; Xiangxi, Hunan Province; Mojiang, Yunnan Province; Northeast Zhai, Sichuan Province; Banma, Qinghai; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Axi, Hami and other gold mines.   Silver ore:569 proven origins, mainly in Shaanxi Province, Silver Cave; Broken Hill in Henan Province; Silver Cave Gou and Baigoyuan in Hubei Province; Arsenic Village in Sichuan Province; Guixi in Jiangxi Province; Shanmen in Jilin Province; Pangxi Cave in Guangdong Province and other silver mines.   Rare earths and rare metals:Mainly located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Baiyun Ebo, 801), Shandong Province (Weishan), Jiangxi Province (Gannan, Yichun), Guangdong Province (Guangdong Province), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Fuyun), etc.   Note: This article is from Carbon Sink Environmental Technology

Mobile, semi-mobile, semi-fixed, fixed 4 types of crushing plant detailed introduction and comparison of advantages and disadvantages   The production of open pit mine is inseparable from the crushing equipment, the use of suitable crushing station can effectively reduce the particle size of ore transport and improve the production efficiency. According to the degree of fixation of the crushing plant and the foundation, the surface crushing plant is divided into: mobile, semi-mobile, semi-fixed and fixed. This article analyzes and compares the classification of these 4 types of crushing plants and their advantages and disadvantages, hoping to bring you some help in choosing.   01 Mobile Crushing Plant   Generally, it integrates feeding, crushing and conveying, and it adopts crawler type or tire type (also step type), which can adjust its position at any time with the movement of the working surface in the quarry.   Advantages: replacing dump trucks, reducing procurement costs; reducing transportation costs by 50% to 70%; reducing spare parts costs; reducing labor costs; reducing quarry road maintenance; both safety and environmental protection features. Because it is a trinity of equipment and the continuous transport equipment connected to it is a belt conveyor, the crawler type mobile crushing plant is more suitable for large open pit mines and is suitable for large-scale and continuous mining process.   Disadvantages: The equipment is complex, expensive and the one-time investment is too large for the mine to afford.   02 Semi-mobile Crushing Plant   The semi-mobile crushing plant, also known as modular unit or sled unit, is placed on a suitable working level in the open pit, and the crushing unit is transported as a whole (or split) by a crawler or other traction (pulling) equipment as the working platform is advanced and extended.   A modular unit consists of three major parts: one is crushing, screening or feeder equipment; the other is non-standard design and fabrication parts such as steel structure support, hopper, buffer bin, etc.; the third is standardized design and fabrication parts such as steel grating platform, inclined body, handrail railing, etc.   The most typical feature of semi-mobile crushing plant is that it is connected to the ground without concrete foundation, and its service life varies from several months to several years, and its one migration time usually does not exceed 48h.   The difference between semi-mobile crushing plant and mobile crushing plant is not only the relocation time, but also a more important feature is the part of equipment arrangement. Semi-mobile crushing plant is usually arranged on the working gang of the quarry, and the ore rock transportation distance is less than 3km, when the quarry steps extend beyond the reasonable transportation distance and climbing height of the car, then the next relocation will be carried out.   Advantages: It has the advantages of being mobile and overcomes the disadvantages of semi-fixed building station and long shifting time::   a. Overall design and supply: The host equipment, steel structure non-standard parts and standard parts such as aisle escalators are designed and supplied as a whole set, which saves time and effort for the owner and makes the construction and installation fast and efficient.   b. Short construction period: It can be manufactured and pre-assembled in the factory, and then split and shipped to the project site for quick assembly after troubleshooting the installation, and each component is connected by bolts, almost no on-site welding is needed, which is conducive to fast construction and production.   c. More reasonable investment: less civil construction work, no concrete construction above ground, low labor intensity, higher proportion of investment in equipment and steel structure to total investment, and steel structure still has high residual value after a certain number of years.   d. With the ability of mobile transfer, it can be split and transferred to another location to be installed and used again, but the frequency of transfer should not be too high.   03 Semi-fixed crushing plant   Semi-fixed crushing plant is a transitional way to develop semi-mobile crushing plant to fixed crushing plant. From the connection with the ground, the crusher frame has a solid connection with the ground (anchor pile connection can be used for bedrock parts, and reinforced concrete foundation can be used for loose square area), and from the location of deployment, it should be fixed on the fixed gang of the quarry generally, so as to reduce the frequency of shifting and improve the use cycle as much as possible, especially for rock This is especially important for rock crushing and transportation.   When the semi-fixed crushing plant is moved, only the equipment body with bolted foundation can be disassembled and moved for reuse, while the foundation buried below the surface is discarded.   Advantages: The semi-fixed crushing plant has a strong foundation, so it can be large in size, suitable for mines with large capacity and long service life.   Disadvantages: It is necessary to build a fixed foundation, the construction period is long, the amount of shifting work is large, the shifting operation time is long, and the civil construction cost is high.   04 Fixed Crushing Plant Fixed crushing station is usually arranged outside the boundary of the quarry, or set up inside the quarry and the joint arrangement of the shaft, not affected by the extension of the depth of the quarry steps, and the ground has a permanent fixed foundation connection, after the completion of permanent use, do not move set. Its feeding method has diversity, can be directly unloaded into the car, can also be set up buffer bin by the release device to give people, fixed crushing plant is generally in the crushing plant of the mineral processing plant, and the mine with the life.   Disadvantages: Its biggest disadvantage is that the ore transport distance is long, the transportation cost is large, and it is not suitable for reasonable adjustment.   05 Comprehensive analysis   (1)The mobile crushing plant is self-driven in terms of its own walking ability, and the typical walking methods are tire type, crawler type and step type; in terms of the deployment position, it is generally located at the operating surface of the quarry and has to move flexibly with the advancement of the mining face.   (2) Semi-mobile crushing plant, which does not have its own walking function and needs to be transported as a whole or in parts with the help of special shifting tools and does not need to be connected to the ground. The sled type crushing plant is also included in this category. From the deployment position, to be arranged in the work gang or non-work gang, with the steps down, the car distance increases, and migrate to the appropriate location below.   (3) Semi-fixed crushing plant has obvious connection with the ground, the crusher needs to be installed on an effective concrete foundation or steel structure, and in terms of layout part, to be placed on the fixed gang, of course, there are some examples, because of the topographic and geological conditions, the need to build a more solid foundation on the working gang to place the crusher, also classified in the semi-fixed crushing plant.   (4) Fixed crushing station is the least controversial in terms of classification, with a solid foundation, used for a long time outside the quarry, with a more solid transport distance, and should not be adjusted.   Source: Construction Machinery Viewpoint

What is the difference between river sand, mechanism sand, washed sand, recycled aggregate, and tailings sand? Sand is an integral part of concrete, generally known as fine aggregate, refers to rock particles with a particle size of less than 5mm, and can generally be divided into two categories: natural sand and artificial sand.   Currently common sand are:   (1) mechanism sand; (2) river sand (generally used for key projects designated sand, due to the high price of small amount of ordinary concrete is generally not used); (3) stone chips powder (production of crushed stone by-products, particle distribution is more than the middle of the two ends of the middle is less, fracture gradation, flake particles more powder); (4) river sand (fine sand, fineness modulus of 1.6 or less, the minimum of 0.5); (5) washed sand (including sand, sand, sand of ancient river terraces, etc.); (6) sea sand ( ); (6) sea sand (mostly not desalinated, some people in the river sand mixed with 20% to 50% mixed secretly sold); (7) weathered sand (including weathered sand and sand from claystone, mud shale, muddy sandstone, marl, muddy slate and full weathering of various rocks, etc., the sand made of this rock is low in strength and solidity, weak particles, in the concrete does not play a role of the skeleton, and high water demand, adsorption, etc.). (And large water demand, adsorption); (8) mud sand (including the cleaning of unclean silt sand, etc., the highest mud content of 20% or more); (9) steel slag sand (the existence of poor stability); (10) solid waste processing sand [including construction waste, waste lime field residue (including discarded over-burning under-burned lime blocks, etc.) sand] and so on.   River sand, mechanism sand, washed sand, recycled aggregate, tailings sand, etc. as concrete sand where the difference? What are the advantages and disadvantages?   River sand   River sand is a natural stone in the natural state, by the force of water for a long time repeated impact, friction, its composition is more complex, the surface has a certain smoothness, impurity content of non-metallic minerals. River sand particles are round and smooth, relatively clean, and from a wide range of sources. Uses: river sand is cement standard sand, mostly used in construction, concrete, cementitious materials, road building materials, artificial marble, cement physical properties test materials (i.e. cement standard sand) and so on. Configuration of the concrete mix slurry rich, full and dense, good fluidity.   Mechanized sand   Mechanism sand refers to the rock particles with particle size less than 4.75mm after crushing by machinery. The finished product is more regular, and can be processed into different rules and sizes of sand according to different process requirements, which has the strongest slurry bonding in concrete and better meets daily needs.   Washed Sand   Washed sand: refers to the sand in the river or the sand on the old riverbed is classified through water washing to separate various grades of sand of various specifications. Because washed sand is dug directly from the river, it will be mixed with small pebbles and fine sand, which are subjected to long-term scouring by the river and have more rounded edges.   （Recycled Aggregate (Construction Waste)   Simply crushed construction waste recycled aggregate has many edges, rough surface, and contains hardened cement mortar in the components, coupled with a large number of micro-cracks inside the concrete block due to the accumulation of damages during the crushing process, resulting in the construction waste recycled aggregate's own high porosity, high water absorption, high stacking void rate, high crushing index values, and low stacking density, which makes it impossible to utilize it on a large scale.   Sea sand   After desalination treatment, sea sand with controlled chloride ion content of no more than 0.02% can be used in engineering.   Waste slag and tailings sand production   At present, there are steel slag sand and quicklime granule sand in use in the market, etc. The disadvantages of these two kinds of sand are such as poor volumetric stability or high content of heavy metal ions, high cost of post-treatment and high quality risk.   Source: Huazhong Inspection Consulting